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INDIA
The southern half of India is a largely upland area
that thrusts a triangular peninsula (c.1,300 mi/2,090 km wide at the north) into
the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on
the west and has a coastline c.3,500 mi (5,630 km) long; at its southern tip is
Kanniyakumri (Cape Comorin). In the north, towering above peninsular India, is
the Himalayan mountain wall, where rise the three great rivers of the Indian
subcontinent—the Indus, the Ganges, and the Brahmaputra.
The Gangetic alluvial plain, which has much of India's arable land, lies
between the Himalayas and the dissected plateau occupying most of peninsular
India. The Aravalli range, a ragged hill belt, extends from the borders of
Gujarat in the southwest to the fringes of Delhi in the northeast. The plain is
limited in the west by the Thar (Great Indian) Desert of Rajasthan, which merges
with the swampy Rann of Kachchh to the south. The southern boundary of the plain
lies close to the Yamuna and Ganges rivers, where the broken hills of the
Chambal, Betwa, and Son rivers rise to the low plateaus of Malwa in the west and
Chota Nagpur in the east.
The Narmada River, south of the Vindhya hills, marks the beginning of the
Deccan. The triangular plateau, scarped by the mountains of the Eastern Ghats
and Western Ghats, is drained by the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers; they
break through the Eastern Ghats and, flowing east into the Bay of Bengal, form
broad deltas on the wide Coromandel Coast. Further north, the Mahanadi River
drains India into the Bay of Bengal. The much narrower western coast of
peninsular India, comprising chiefly the Malabar Coast and the fertile Gujarat
plain, bends around the Gulf of Khambat in the north to the Kathiawar and
Kachchh peninsulas. The coastal plains of peninsular India have a tropical,
humid climate.
The Deccan interior is partly semiarid on the west and wet on the east. The
Indo-Gangetic plain is subtropical, with the western interior areas experiencing
frost in winter and very hot summers. India's rainfall, which depends upon the
monsoon, is variable; it is heavy in Assam and West Bengal and along the
southern coasts, moderate in the inland peninsular regions, and scanty in the
arid northwest, especially in Rajasthan and Punjab. (Hide
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